【2017年整理】09环境概论第9讲-水污染
环境概论Introduction to Environment,董方土木与水利工程学院,第9讲 Water Pollution,Types of Water Pollution,Sewage,Types of Water Pollution,Effect of sewage on dissolved oxygen and biological oxygen demand,氧垂曲线,Types of Water Pollution,Clean Zone,DecompositionZone,Septic Zone,Recovery Zone,Clean Zone,Normal clean water organisms(trout, perch, bass,mayfly, stonefly),Trash fish(carp, gar,leeches),Fish absent, fungi,sludge worms,bacteria(anaerobic),Trash fish(carp, gar,leeches),Normal clean water organisms(trout, perch, bass,mayfly, stonefly),8 ppm,Dissolved oxygen (ppm),Biological oxygendemand,8 ppm,Types oforganisms,4,Types of Water Pollution,Eutrophication: An Enrichment Problem,Oligotrophic lake 贫营养湖泊,5,Types of Water Pollution,Eutrophication: An Enrichment Problem,Eutrophic lake 富营养湖泊,6,2010年6月22日，安徽巢湖东半湖双桥河一带拍摄的大面积蓝藻。,2010年6月22日，安徽巢湖东半湖双桥河一带拍摄的大面积蓝藻。,Discharge of untreatedmunicipal sewage(nitrates and phosphates),Nitrogen compoundsproduced by carsand factories,Discharge of treatedmunicipal sewage(primary and secondarytreatment:nitrates and phosphates),Discharge of detergents( phosphates),Manure runofffrom feedlots(nitrates, phosphates,ammonia),Dissolving of nitrogen oxides(from internal combustionengines and furnaces),Runoff and erosion(from cultivation,mining, construction,and poor land use),Runoff from streets,lawns, and constructionlots (nitrates andphosphates),Lake ecosystemnutrient overload and breakdown of chemical cycling,Inorganic fertilizer runoff(nitrates and phosphates),9,10,Types of Water Pollution,Disease-Causing Agents（Monitoring for Sewage）,Fecal coliform test 粪大肠菌群实验,11,Types of Water Pollution,Sediment Pollution,Low sediment load,12,Types of Water Pollution,Sediment Pollution,High sediment load,13,Water Quality Today,Point source pollution(e.g., cyanide spill 氰化物泄漏)Nonpoint source pollution(e.g., fertilizer runoff from agriculture fields)Water Pollution from Agriculture72% of water pollution in rivers attributed to agricultureChemical pesticides may leach into soil and then into water.,14,Water Quality Today,Municipal Water Pollution,Water Quality Today,Industrial Wastes in WaterProblems depend upon industryFood processing high BODPaper mills toxic compounds & sludgeMany US industries now treating wastewater(some can recover merchantable products),17,Water Quality Today,Groundwater Pollution,Water Quality Today,Drinking Water Problems1.4 billion lack safe water2.9 billion lack proper wastewater disposal80% of human illness results from insufficient water supplies and poor water quality,Water pollutions in China有机物天然有机物 ：腐殖质，耗氧有机物，藻类有机物等。人工合成有机物：农药、洗涤剂、化工原料和中间体等，大都为“三致”污染物。PAHs, PCBs, POPs ，持久性污染物，优先控制污染物无机物：主要为各种无机离子：重金属、硝酸盐、铵、磷酸盐等。病原微生物：生活污水、医院等,20,Priority pollutants(优先污染物),挥发性卤代烃类 (volatile alkenyl halides)苯系物(benzene)氯代苯类(chlorinated phenols)多氯联苯 (polychlorinated biphenyls/PCB)酚类(hydroxybenzenes)硝基苯类(nitrobenzenes)苯胺类(aniline),多环芳烃类酞酸酯类 (phthalate esters)农药(pesticides)丙烯腈(acrylonitrile)亚硝胺类(nitrophenols)氰化物(cyanide)重金属及其化合物,Priority pollutants(优先污染物),挥发性卤代烃类(volatile alkenyl halides)二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷、四氯化碳苯系物(benzene)苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯、间二甲苯、对二甲苯氯代苯类(chlorinated phenols)氯苯、邻二氯苯、对二氯苯、六氯苯多氯联苯(polychlorinated biphenyls/PCB)1968年日本的米糠油公害事件,1968 年 3 月日本北九洲市、爱知县一带生产米糠油时，用多氯联苯作脱臭工艺中的热载体，由于生产管理不善，混入米糠油中，食用后中毒，患病者超过 1400 人，至七、八月份患病者超过 5000 人，其中 16 人死亡，实际受害者约 13000 人。,米糠油事件,23,24,酚类(hydroxybenzenes)苯酚、间甲酚、2，4-二氯酚、五氯酚硝基苯类(nitrobenzenes)硝基苯、对硝基甲苯、 2，4-二硝基甲苯苯胺类(aniline)苯胺、二硝基苯胺、对硝基苯胺、 2，6-二硝基苯胺多环芳烃类(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/PAHs)萘、荧蒽,Priority pollutants(优先污染物),2005年11月13日中石油吉林石化公司双苯厂发生爆炸事故，约100 t的硝基苯等高毒性化学物流入松花江,酞酸酯类(phthalate esters)酞酸二甲酯、酞酸二丁酯、酞酸二辛酯农药(pesticides)六六六、滴滴涕、敌敌畏、乐果、对硫磷丙烯腈(acrylonitrile)亚硝胺类(nitrophenols)氰化物(cyanide),Priority pollutants(优先污染物),亚硝胺类化合物是一类很强的致癌物，在100多种亚硝胺中有十几种引起多种动物食管癌。广泛的存在食物、烟、酒、及槟榔中，以香烟中的浓度特别高。,重金属及其化合物(heavy metals),Priority pollutants(优先污染物),水俣(yu)病事件1953-1956 年日本熊本县水俣市含甲基汞的工业废水污染水体，使水俣湾和不知火海的鱼中毒，人食毒鱼后受害，1972 年日本环境厅公布：水俣湾和新县阿贺野川下游有汞中毒者 283 人，其中 60 人死亡。痛痛病事件1955-1972 年日本富山县神通川流域锌、铅冶炼工厂等排放的含镉废水污染了神通川水体，两岸居民利用河水灌溉农田，使稻米含镉，居民食含镉稻米和饮用含镉水而中毒，1963 年至 1979 年 3 月共有患者 130 人，其中死亡 81 人。,Hg,Cd,上世纪70年代末，80年代初，随着欧美环保法规的严格实施，导致精细有机化工产品及其中间体生产中心由西欧向亚洲转移,有机毒物（以优先污染物为主）污染形势严峻,长江沿线43个开发区分布图,目前我国的经济发展重心主要在长江等大型河流的沿岸和沿海地区,南水北调沿线51个开发区分布图,江苏沿江规划了18个工业园区，其中15个允许发展化工，6个以化工为主。,31,新型污染物,a. 多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）等溴化阻燃剂b. 药品（包括各类兽药和抗生素）和个人护理用品（PPCPs/PCPs）c. 全氟锌酸铵和芳香族磺酸类污染物: PFOS (全氟辛烷磺酸) /PFOA(全氟辛酸)(不粘锅)e. 植物毒性物质,新型污染物的环境研究,我国主要水系污染状况（1）七大水系（黄河，珠江，松花江，淮河，长江，辽河，海河）,34,我国主要水系污染状况（2）大型淡水湖泊（太湖、滇池、巢湖等）（3）大型水库（密云、官亭、董铺、大房营、千岛湖）,注：数据来源于环保部网站环境现状公报,35,Improving Water Quality,Purification of Drinking WaterGeneral process:,Collected from reservoir or ground water.,Improving Water Quality,Purification of Drinking WaterGeneral process:,Water treated,Improving Water Quality,Purification of Drinking WaterGeneral process:,Distributed to customers,Wastewater collected as sewage,Improving Water Quality,
