跨国公司人权责任法律问题分析

很多年以来，国际社会一直认为主权国家是人权的义务主体，然而，国际社会在全 球化的不断深入下发生了空前的变化，在全球治理中一些非主权国家实体的地位开始变 的越来越来重要。其中，跨国公司的迅速发展值得国际社会关注。跨国公司的经济实力 雄厚有的富可敌国，有的甚至强于很多国家好几倍。跨国公司的大量出现以及其在海外 投资的不断扩张，诚然已经成为国际舞台上的重要力量。跨国公司对促进全球经济发展 起着积极的作用，它们帮助枇界经济欠发达地区弥补了资金上的不足，提高了这些地区 生产技术水平和企业管理水平并增加了大量的就业机会等等。然而，在经济全球化突飞 猛进的同时，我们必须对迅速的经济发展的背后问题进行反思，比如我们是否以牺牲了 其他方面的财富为代价换取了经济的发展，又比如社会福利、人权等等。我们注意到， 当前跨国公司的各种投资活动对全球的人权状况产生了重大影响。一些跨国公司在生产 过程中严重破坏着自然环境，生产、销售着不符合质量标准的食品和商品及强迫工人劳 动等等跨国公司承担人权责任问题成为人们普遍关注的热点。跨国公司承担人权责任有着极其广泛的理论依据和实践基础，联合国以及非国家间 组织依据这些理论对跨国公司人权责任方面的问题做出了积极的努力。然而，现行法律 框架在跨国公司侵犯人权行为的规制方面存在着诸多不足。如以国际法直接规制跨国公 司行为，则遭遇跨国公司国际法主体不适格的尴尬局面。如以母国法对跨国公司行为进 行规制，其母国又抱有事不关己的心态，根本没有意愿进行规制。最根本的解决途径还 是首先要完善东道国相关人权立法，促使东道国积极与国际接轨，积极参加人权保护相 关公约并履行公约项下之义务，以对境内跨国公司进行规制。完善国内人权立法和监督 机制，提升本国法治环境，使跨国公司侵犯人权的行为在国际范围内实现统一规制。本文共分为四部分：第一部分为引言部分，本部分包含了本文的研究口的和意义， 国内外研究现状的文献综述，以及本文的研究方法与创新点等内容。第二部分主要是对跨国公司人权责任 进行了概述，首先提出了跨国公司人权责任的概念，然后阐释了跨国公司承担人权责任的法理基础，这里主要运用了法理学理论和国 际法基础理论形成的论据结构；其次就跨国公司人权责任在国际社会中的相关实践进行 了阐释，主要包括联合国方面的努力和经济合作组织方面的努力。第三部分是对跨国公司侵犯人权行为的法律规制问题进行探讨，主要通过对国际法 直接规制和母国法规制分析，以提岀规制跨国公司侵权行为的法律路径。第四部分主要是关于规制在华跨国公司人权行为的法律思考，在本章中作者分析了在华跨国公司侵犯人权的现状，集中对食品安全权、劳工权、环境权三个方面的现实状 况进行了分析并分别指出当前我国相关法律规制的缺陷，最后就上述问题给出了法律规 制上的建议。关键词：跨国公司 人权责任 法律规制 路径AbstractThe international community has believed that sovereignty is the obligation subject of human rights. However, the international society has been unprecedented changed in the deepening development of globalization, and some non-sovereign entity status began to grow in the more and more important in global governance. Among them, the rapid development of the Transnational Corporation is worth the attention of international society. The Transnational Corporation has strong economic strength and some are fabulously rich, and some are even stronger as times as couples of countries. With the emergence of a large number of the Transnational Corporation and their overseas investment in expansion, the Transnational Corporation has admittedly become an important force on the international stage. The Transnational Corporation plays a positive role in promoting the development of the global economy, and they help the underdeveloped area to make up for the lack of funds, improving the area production technology level and management level of the enterprise and increase the number of employment opportunities and so on. However, at the same time, we have to reflect on the issues behind the rapid economic development. For example, we are whether at the expense of other goals for the development of economy, such as social welfare, human rights etc. We have noted that the Transnational Coiporation had the significant influence for the global human rights situation Some Transnational Corporations seriously destroy the natural environment in the production process, producing and selling the substandard food and forced labor etc. The human rights responsibility problem of Transnational Corporation has becoming a hot topic that people widely concerned.A Transnational Corporation shall bear responsibility for human rights, which have the theory basis and practice basis, and The United Nations and NGOs have made positive efforts on these basis. However, existing regulations for human rights of the Transnational Corporation has many shortcomings. The international law has no direct power for Transnational Corporations, which leads to an embarrassing situation. Such as the home country has no intention to regulate the behavior of the Transnational Corporation. The way to solve the problem is to improve the related human rights legislation of the host country, and promote the host country actively to participate in the international practice and the protection of human rights conventions, and fulfill their obligations under the Convention to protect domestic human rights.This paper is divided into four parts:The first part is the introduction, the first simple expounded in this paper, the research purpose and meaning, the domestic and foreign research present situation and the research methods and innovation points of this article made a comprehensive review.The second part is mainly about the Human rights responsibility for Transnational Corporations reviewed, first proposed the concept of human rights responsibility in a Transnational Corporation, and then illustrates the legal basis of transnational corporations liable for human rights, it mainly bases on the jurisprudence theory and basic theory of international law has made the card into. Again is multinational company human rights responsibility in the relevant international practice has carried on the interpretation, mainly includes the efforts of the United Nations and the NGOs" efforts.The third part is discussion on the legal regulation of Transnational Corporations for human rights violations, mainly on the analysis of the international law and law of the home country. Then outlets of the legal regulation for Transnational Corporations are given.The fourth part mainly is th