02 语篇分析必备句法知识-2021年高考前10天一定要看的英语资料

2021年高考前10天一定要看的英语资料02 语篇分析必备句法知识一、熟知英语句子成分(一)主要成分1. 主语主语是动作发出者。一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句或名词化形容词等充当。一般位于句首, 而在there be句型和倒装句中, 主语常位于be动词、助动词、谓语动词或情态动词之后。若不定式短语作主语, 常用it作形式主语, 则把真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句后。(2020全国卷)Its hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some time. 很难说到底有多少人同意他的观点, 但研究表明, 这一数字已经上升了一段时间。2. 谓语谓语用于表示主语的动作或者表示主语具有的特征或状态, 常位于主语之后。常用作谓语的主要有动词和动词短语等。谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应, 即主谓一致。【小题快练】 (2020江苏高考)We used to think that insects were(be) the smallest organisms. You must weigh the benefits(benefit) against the cost. (二)次要成分1. 宾语宾语用于表示动作涉及的对象或承受者, 一般位于及物动词或者介词之后。常用作宾语的主要有名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、宾语从句等。【小题快练】 She walked up to the desk and asked to see(see) the manager. I appreciate being given(give) this opportunity. He suggested taking (take)the children to the zoo. 2. 补足语补足语分为主语补足语和宾语补足语。宾语补足语简称宾补, 是对宾语进行补充说明的句子成分, 一般放在宾语之后。常用作宾补的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、从句等。这种句型中的“宾语+宾语补足语”可统称为“复合宾语”。The book in the study must be kept in good order. 书房里的书必须放得井井有条。You must keep the classroom clean. 你必须保持房间清洁。【小题快练】. 单句语法填空He could hear his heart beating(beat) fast. After hours in the cold and wet, he reached inside and pulled the wallet out hoping to find some ID so he could contact the driver, only to discover (discover)it contained 400 in notes, with another 50 in spare change beside it. . 完成句子We dont allow such things to happen again(再一次发生). She made him give up smoking(放弃吸烟). 3. 表语表语用于说明主语的身份、特征、属性或状态等, 常位于be, become, get, keep, look, grow, seem, sound, turn等系动词之后。常用作表语的主要有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动名词、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、表语从句等。【小题快练】 (2020新高考全国卷)As the author explains, this is (be)neither a travel nor a history book, or even a piece of reportage. (2020全国卷)The good news is that its simple to learn and can be worth the effort. I felt frightened(frighten) as I waited for the mysterious man. It is surprising (surprise)that he should have been so stupid. 4. 定语定语是用于对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子, 单词作定语时常放在被修饰词之前, 而短语或从句作定语时, 往往放在被修饰词之后。常用作定语的有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动名词、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、定语从句等。【小题快练】 (2020全国卷)I think all writers should support libraries in a significant (significance)way when they can. (2020全国卷)She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that/which made the task easier for them. His surprised(surprise) look suggested that he knew nothing about it. 5. 状语状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词、其他状语或整个句子, 说明动作或状态的特征, 以及时间、地点、原因、目的等, 其位置不固定。常用作状语的有介词短语、副词、形容词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词、状语从句等。【小题快练】 . 单句语法填空(2019全国卷) As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric technologieslike fingerprint scansto keep(keep) others out of private e-spaces. . 完成句子(2020全国卷)There are three books I reread annually(每年地). Seen from the space(从太空看), the Earth is a blue sphere. 6. 同位语同位语用于对名词或代词的进一步解释说明, 且与之前的名词或代词在语法上处于同等的地位, 常位于名词或代词之后。常用作同位语的有名词、名词短语、数词、代词、同位语从句等。如: (2020浙江高考)“Adaptive signals can make sure that the traffic demand that is there is being addressed, ” says Alex Stevanovic, a researcher at Florida Atlantic University. 佛罗里达大西洋大学的研究员亚历克斯斯特万诺维奇说: “自适应信号可以确保现有的交通需求得到满足。”They each grabbed a shovel and began to shovel dirt into the well. 他们每人拿了一把铲子, 开始往井里铲土。(2020天津高考 )This led Jones to the conclusion that there are too many extremely lonely people in his community, who are easy targets of cheating. 这让琼斯得出了结论, 在社区中有太多极其孤独的人, 他们很容易成为行骗的目标。【小题快练】(2020江苏高考)It is not a problem whether we can win the battle; its just a matter of time. They each play (play)a key role in allowing the “background search” to happen without a page reload. 二、划分句子成分的基本方法分析句子结构首先要找出主语和谓语。然后, 再分析其他的词和短语, 确定它们的成分。1. 如果说明名词或代词, 有三种情况: 修饰关系, 是定语。如: (2020 天津高考)Directed sound is a new technology that allows companies to use sound in much the same way spotlights(聚光灯)are used in the theater. 定向声音是一种新技术, 它使公司能够像剧院使用聚光灯一样使用声音。(directed, new和the same均修饰后面的名词, 故是定语。)解释说明的关系, 在语法上又处于同等地位, 是同位语。如: (2020全国卷)Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. 芝加哥大学幼儿数学发展专家、心理学家苏珊莱文发现, 在2岁至4岁之间玩拼图游戏的儿童后来会发展出更好的空间技能。( an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago为Susan Levine的同位语。)逻辑上的主谓(或主系表)关系, 意义上的补充, 是补足语。如: (2020全国卷)I encourage readers to go to their local library when they cant afford to purchase a book. 我鼓励读者在买不起书的时候去当地的图书馆。(readers和to go to their local library逻辑上构成主谓关系, 故to go to their local library作宾语补足语。)2. 如果说明动词, 有两种情况: 修饰关系, 是状语。如: (2020江苏高考)When something new turns up, more often than not, we do not even know its name. 当新事物出现时, 我们通常甚至不知道它的名字。(more often than not用来修饰动词know, 作状语)动作的对象或承受者, 是宾语。如: (2020浙江高考)To show the versatili