中考英语语法知识秘籍（2）

（七）动词不定式I 要点、 不定式的形式。以动词write为例。式语态主动语态被动语态一般式to writeto be written完成式to have writtento have been written进行式to be writing 完成进行式to have been writing 、 不定式的句法功能（） 作主语To hear from you is nice.To be a good teacher is not easy.不定式作主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主语，而不定式置于谓语动词后。如：Its nice to hear from you. Its not easy to be a good teacher.（） 作宾语通常用于want, hope, wish, like, need, hate, begin, start, remember, agree, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help等词后。如：I forgot to lock the door. Please remember to write to me.（） 作表语My job is to pick up letters.He seemed to have heard nothing.（） 作定语不定式作定语时，须放在它所修饰的名词或代词后。如：I have two letters to write.I have a lot of work to do.（） 作宾补通常用于want, wish, ask, order, tell, know, help, advise, allow, cause, force等词后。如：He ordered her to leave at once.He was forced to obey his order.（） 作状语He got up early to catch the first bus.He worked hard to catch up with the other students.（） 作独立成分To tell you the truth, I told a lie.（） "疑问词不定式"结构。 如：I dont know how to choose them.I cannot decide where to go.（9）不定式的否定式。如：I decided not to go.（10）不定式的完成式。如：He seemed to have cleaned the room before I came in.The boy is said to have been sent to the hospital last week.（11）tooto 结构。如：He was too excited to go to sleep.He was only too glad to go. (他太高兴了，乐意去)（12）主动表被动。如：The book is easy to read.I have a book to read.II例题例 I havent got a chair _.A to sit B for to sit on C to sit on D for sitting解析：该题选C。不定式to sit on在句中作定语，修饰名词chair. 因为不定式和它所修饰的名词间是"动宾关系"，所以不定式必须是及物动词，故此处on不能省略。例2 He was made _. A go B gone C going D to go解析：该题选D。make sb. do sth. 如果是被动形式，不定式do前的to不能省略。例3 A new factory is _ very soon.A to be built B builtC to build D to building解析：该题选A。is to be built意为"将要被建"。（八）动名词I 要点动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。否定式 not +动名词、 动名词的用法（） 作主语Playing football is my favorite sport.Travelling with friends at weekend is fun.作主语的动名词结构复杂且长时，可用it作形式主语。如：It is fun travelling with friends at weekend.（） 作宾语I enjoy playing PC game.He gave up writing five years ago.（） 作表语What he hated most was doing nothing.Seeing is believing.动名词作表语时，句子的主语常是无生命名词或what引导的名词性从句。（） 作定语Theres a dining room in my school.All the people watching laughed.（） 动名词的复合结构"物主代词（或名词的所有格）+动名词"。如：Toms going home late made her mother angry.Would you mind my opening the window?不过，动名词的逻辑主语在遇到以下情况时，必须用名词的普通格（或人称代词的宾格）。无生命名词The girls were afraid of the door suddenly closing.Fire burns better by oxygen being at work.有生命名词，但表泛指。Have you ever heard of girls smoking?两个以上的有生命的名词并列。Do you still remember my parents and me coming to see you that day?3后面常接动名词的动词和短语mind, enjoy, finish, consider, practise, magine,keep, suggest, advise, allow, permit,be worth doing, be used to doing, be busy doing,cant help doing, it is no good doing, it is no use doing,look forward to doing, stick to doing, pay attention to doing,devote to doing, lead to doingII例题例 She says she doesnt feel like _ out with you.A going B to go C for going D went解析：该题正确答案为A。 feel like = want, 此处like 为介词，后面要接名词或动名词作宾语例 The garden needs _.A water B watering C to water D watered解析：该题正确答案为B。 need = want = require. 如果物作主语，此三者后要接动名词或to be done这一结构作宾语。例 Excuse me _ you.A interrupting B to interruptC interrupted D to have interrupted解析：该题正确答案为A。excuse 后接动名词作宾语，此句中的me为动名词的逻辑主语（常用于口语中）。（九）分词I 要点分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容和副词的句法功能。它分为现在分词和过去分词两类。现在分词和过去分词的主要差别在于现在分词有一般式和完成式，过去分词则只有一般式。现在分词表动作正在进行，表主动。过去分词及物动词表动作已经完成，表被动。过去分词不及物动词表动作已经完成，表主动。过去分词的句法功能：、 作定语I like to read the novel written by Lu Xun.The woman sitting beside the broken window was a friend of mine.、 作表语When I came into the room, I found the window was broken.Im interested in this book.、 作宾语补足语Im going to have my bike repaired.When I walked home, I saw the thief caught by the police.4、作状语Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks small.The teacher came into the classroom, followed by his students.现在分词的句法功能。1、作状语Seeing from the top of the mountain, I found the city was beautiful.Walking along the street, they suddenly saw him.2、作宾语I hate being spoken ill of.He considered visiting Japan during the winter vocation.3、作表语Seeing is believing.The book is interesting.4、作宾语补足语I noticed him crossing the street.Mother caught him smoking in the kitchen.5、作定语Do you know the man writing a letter?The worker running a machine is my brother.分词使用中的几个问题1、现在分词的完成式Having cleaned the room, I went out.2、现在分词的否定式Not having received any letter, he felt a little worried.3、现在分词与过去分词的不同现在分词表示主动、正在，过去分词表示被动、完成I found the ma