诗歌的韵律及押韵格式.doc

第一节 头韵头韵是指一行（节）诗中几个词开头的辅音相同，形成押韵。如克里斯蒂娜罗塞蒂的歌前两诗节：When I am dead, my dearest,Sing no sad songs for me;Plant thou no rose at my head,Nor shady cypress tree:Be the green grass above meWith showers and dewdrops wet;And if thou wilt, remember,And if thou wilt, forget.(Christina Rossetti: Song)第一行的dead / dearest，第二行的sing / sad / songs，第五行的green / grass，第六行的 with / wet押头韵。又如柯尔律治的古舟子咏第103第106行：The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,The furrow followed free,We were the first that ever burstInto that silent sea.（Samuel Taylor Coleridge: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner）前三行里，头韵f重复七次。这个摩擦送气的清辅音模仿柔风轻涛的声音，创造出一种宁静的意境。第四行里的两个s音宛如和风吹过沉寂海面而发出的咝咝声。头韵在这里的使用，令读者有身临其境之感。另外，中间韵blew / flew，first / burst，furrow / followed，尾韵free / sea形成悦耳动听的韵味和节奏感。再如莎士比亚编号为71的十四行诗前八行：No longer mourn for me when I am deadThan you shall hear the surly sullen bellGive warning to the world that I am fledFrom this vile world with vilest worms to dwell.Nay, if you read this line, remember notThe hand that writ it; for I love you soThat I in your sweet thoughts would be forgotIf thinking on me would make you woe.每行都有不同的头韵。第一行为mourn / me，第二行为surly / sullen，第三行为warning / world，第四行为world / worm，第五行为read / remember，第八行为me / make和would / woe。第二行、第三行和第五行为than / that / this，第七行和第八行为thoughts / thinking。这样的不同首字母交替出现在一个诗节中，可以称为交叉头韵。诗人在使用头韵时，还使用一种声音的重复，通过这种声音的重复表达一种独特的情感。如多恩的歌：When thou sighst, thou sighst not windBut sighst my soul away;When thou weepst, unkindly kind,My lifes blood doth decay.It cannot be,That thou lovst me, as thou sayst,If in thine my life thou waste,Thou art the best of me.（John Donne: Song）此诗节使用的头韵有when / wind / weep / waste，sigh / soul / say，doth / decay，blood / be / best，thou / then / that等。另外，在sigh、kindly、thine、my和life中有频繁的元音字母i，此音暗示悲伤和抑郁，加上它是一个长元音，自然就减缓了诗行自然的快节奏运动，哀伤和抑郁之情得到了充分的表现。同样的诗歌技巧也体现在爱伦坡的乌鸦之中，如该诗的最后一节：And the Raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sittingOn the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door;And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon that is dreaming,And the lamp-light oer him streaming throws his shadow on the floor;And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor Shall be lifted nevermore!(Allan Poe: The Raven)此诗节中除了各行的头韵（still / sitting，pallid / Pallas，his / have，lamp / light，from / floating / floor），还有内韵（flitting / sitting，seeming / dreaming等），贯穿整个诗节的短元音、æ，长元音i:、o:和双元音u生动地传达出了主人公的痛苦和绝望。第二节 尾韵尾韵（end rhyme）指行尾押韵单词最后的重读元音及其后面的辅音在读音上相同，而元音前面的辅音则不能相同。也就是说，元音以及元音后面的辅音押韵，而元音前面的辅音则不押韵。这种韵又被称为全韵（perfect rhyme）。根据音节的数量，可分为单音节尾韵(single rhyme)、双音节尾韵(double rhyme)和三重音节尾韵(triple rhyme)。单音节尾韵又称男韵或阳韵（masculine rhyme），是在诗行结尾重读音节之间出现的最普遍的押韵。如米勒在太平洋之滨第二诗节：Above yon gleaming skies of goldOne lone imperial peak is seen;While gathered at his feet in greenTen thousand foresters are told.And all so still! So still the airThat duty drops the web of care. (Joaquin Miller: By the Pacific Ocean)第一、四行押韵，第二、三行押韵，第五、六行押韵，都是重读单音节。虽然是单音节押韵，但它只要求一个音节押韵，而不要求押韵的一个音节是一个单音节单词。例如叶芝走过柳园第一节：Down by the sally gardens my love and I did meet;She passd the sally gardens with little snow-white feet.She bid me take love easy, as the leaves grow on the tree;But I, being young and foolish, with her would not agree.（W. B. Yeats: Down by the Sally Gardens）这里第四行的agree就是一个双音节单词，它只在第二个音节上与前行的tree押韵，而且它是重读音节。双音节韵又称女韵或阴韵（feminine rhyme），其基本特征是行尾单词最后两个音节押韵，其中倒数第二个音节是重读音节，而最后一个音节是非重读音节。由于其读音是重读加非重读结构，因此它又称扬抑格韵（trochaic rhyme）。如华兹华斯的写于三月前四行：The cock is crowing,The stream is flowing,The small birds twitter,The lake doth glitter.(William Wordsworth: Written in March at Brothers Water)行尾的crowing / flowing，twitter / glitter相互押韵。两组押韵都是由双音节单词组成，每个单词的第一个音节为重读音节，第二个音节为非重读音节。又如丁尼生女郎夏洛特第一部分的第二诗节：Willows whiten, aspens quiver,Little breezes dusk and shiverThrough the wave that runs foreverBy the island in the riverFlowing down to Camelot.Four grey walls, and four grey towers,Overlook a space of flowers,And the silent isle imbowersThe Lady of Shalott.(Alfred Tennyson: The Lady of Shalott, Part I)行尾的quiver / shiver / river，towers / flowers / imbowers相互押韵，除了imbowers，其余单词都是双音节单词，都是第一个音节为重读，第二个音节为非重读。imbowers虽然是三个音节，但它的最后两个音节为重读加非重读，跟其余两个单词押韵。这就是说，双音节韵的单词也可以是多音节单词，但其押韵的音节只能是两个，而且是多音节中最后两个音节。同时，其结构也不能改变，是重读音节加非重读音节。再如济慈致一些女士第一诗节：What though while the wonders of nature exploring,I cannot your light, mazy footsteps attend;Nor listen to accents, that almost adoring,Bless Cynthias face, the enthusiasts friend.（John Keats: To Some Ladies）这个诗节是单韵和双韵混合使用。exploring / adoring都是三个音节，但重读音节在倒数第二个音节上，最后一个音节是非重读音节，因此它们押双韵。在多音节单词中，如果最后两个音节押韵，但倒数第二个音节不是重读音节，也可以归入双韵。如下面这首选自莎士比亚凤凰与斑鸠中的一段诗：Beauty, truth, and rarityGrace in all simplicity,Here enclosed in cinders lie.Death is now the phoenix nest;And the turtles loyal breastTo eternity doth rest,Leaving no posterity:-Twas not their infirmity,It wa