大学汉英翻译教程

Chapter one 2012-3-27 翻译可分为口译 interpretation 和笔译 translation。 Interpretation can be divided into two types: one is consecutive interpretation, another is simultaneous interpretation. 翻译三原则（George Washington Campbell ，Alexander Fraser Tytler）1. 原作的意义、意思 2.原作的思想、精神 3.流畅、通顺 翻译方法 1.直译 literal translation 2.意译 free translation 3.音译 transliteration 山雨欲来风满楼 The coming events cast their shadows before.才学最差，叫喊最多 The worst wheel of a cart creaks most.与狼狈为奸 hand in glove with乱七八糟 at sixes and sevens千载难逢 once in a blue moon路必有弯，势必有转机 It is a long lane that has no turning.家丑不可外扬 It is an ill bird that fouls its own nest. The main principles of TRANSLITERATION1. 准确读音 2. 正确拼写 姓名拼写中姓与名要空一格 首字母要大写 eg. Pu Songling地名拼写中首字母大写 不空格 eg. Fujian Guangdong Xian一般来说 除地名人名之外其他专有名词英译时首字母要大写如汉 Han;一般名词要小写 3. 弄清词源 有些词需要追溯到最初发音以利于音译 eg.菩萨 Bodhisattva4. 约定俗成 eg. 孙中山 Sun Yat-sen 宋庆龄 Soong Ching Ling 陈嘉庚 Tan Kah Kee 5. 准确回译 eg. 纽约 New York6. 缩略语复原 eg. 闽 Fujian 武大 Wuhan UniversityChapter two 2012-3-28 The classification of CULTURE1. 物质文化 material culture2. 制度文化 institutional culture3. 心理文化 mental culture 中英思维方式对比1. 中国人注重伦理，英美人注重认知2. 中国人注重整体、偏重综合性思维；英美人注重个体、偏重分析性思维3. 中国人重直觉，英美人重实证4. 中国人重形象思维，英美人重逻辑思维Chapter three 2012-3-31 词语的指称意义与蕴含意义的对比1. 指称意义是词语在交际过程中所表达的字面的最基本的意义，相当于一种约定俗成的认知2. 蕴含意义的理解与表达 eg:His wife was unfaithful to him, and he became a cuckold.他老婆红杏出墙，给他戴了顶绿帽子。此处注意红和绿。 词语英译与语言语境1. 根据语言语境确定原文词义：“醉心于”be engrossed in 褒 be infatuated with贬2. 根据语言环境选择译文用词：Mum gave a book as my birthday present .Its raining and I have brought you an umbrella.3. 根据语言语境消除歧义 语言环境和词语感情色彩的传达 词语英译与文化语境e.g. 一肚子的酒，几乎全化作醋酸（钱钟书， 围城 ） The wine in Xinmeis stomach turned to vinegar in his jealousy.“醋酸”代表吃醋 而不可直接翻译为 vinegare.g. 今天饭菜不好，请多包涵。There are best dishes we are able to prepare. Please make yourself at home.Chapter four 2012-4-3 简单句与省译法：省译特定的范畴词，如“现象” 、 “局面”等。E.g. The molecules are perpetually in motion.分子处于永恒的运动状态中。省译原文中不言而喻的词语。E.g. This is the fundamental road to prosperity.这是走向繁荣的最根本的道路。省略华而不实的修饰语。省略某些动词。E.g. Mutual understanding is the basis for state-to-state relations.相互了解是发展国与国之间关系的前提。 复句与增译法：语义性增词 结构性增词 为沟通不同文化而增词（专有名词的解释 etc。 ） 长句翻译：顺译法 断句法 合并法Chapter five 2012-4-11 英语篇章结构方面段落较短，语义相互关联的几句话就可以组成一个段落。而中文段落所包含的信息量较大。 句群结构调整的问题 篇章衔接Chapter six 2012-4-18 小说的特点：意境和氛围 个性化的语言方式 小说的翻译要求：透过表面意义、看到文字的精神；e.g.: When you are getting on in years, you tend to have a feeling that seems rather odd, but, in fact, not very much so. 人到了老年，会有一种似乎奇怪又不奇怪的现象。熟谙英汉两种语言，译文浑然一体e.g.: Having studied at the school for one year, I found that my grades had gone far apart: my Chinese(called “national language” then) was top of the class and so was my fine art(called “drawing” at that time); but in English I brought up the rear; in other subject, I was just above average As a twelve-or-thirteen-year-old junior school student, I was naughty you bet, and my naughtiness also topped the class. 入学之后，一年下来，我的各门功课就相差太悬殊了！语文（当时叫国文）全班第一；美术（当时叫图画）全班第一；而英语（当时叫英文）全班倒数第一作为一个十二、三岁的初中生，爱玩爱闹，我的顽皮程度，可能也是全班第一。