征信业务【企业信用管理】

CreditReportingSystemsWorldwide 全球的征信系统 ­ ­ ­SeminaronCreditReportingSystemandChinasEconomy征信与中国经济研讨会 ­ ­ ­ThePeoplesBankofChinaandtheWorldBank ­ ­ ­中国人民银行与世界银行合办 ­ ­ ­MargaretMiller ­ ­ ­SeniorEconomist,WorldBank ­ ­ ­世界银行经济学家 ­ ­ ­Shanghai,China ­ ­ ­May18,2004 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­2004年5月18日 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 1 World Bank Work on Credit Reporting Systems 世界银行关于征信系统方面的工作 ­Legal reform 立法方面的改革 -bank secrecy, privacy and data protection, consumer rights 银行 方面的保密、私密及数据保护，消费者权益 ­Regulatory Reform法规方面的改革 ­Establishment and enhancement of credit bureaus信贷局的建立与加强 -special emphasis on SME and micro-finance credit reporting 对中 小企业与小额金融征信的侧重 ­Public Database Modernization公共数据库的现代化 ­Education and Outreach 教育与覆盖面 - consumers, judiciary 客户，法律方面 http:/econ.worldbank.org/programs/credit_reporting/ 2 Main messages of todays presentation 今日演讲主要信息 1.Value credit reports greatly reduce the time and cost of providing credit 价值-信用报告大大地降低了提供信用的时间和成本 2.Public credit registries and private credit reporting firms are not substitutes they can complement one another 公共信用登记 系统与民营的信用登记公司并非互相替代，他们能够互相补充。 3 Main messages of todays presentation 今日演讲主要信息 3. Maximize the completeness of credit histories, data available to open user group 最大化信用历史的完整性及对开放用户群的数据可得性 4 The credit reporting industry is in transition, with many new entrants 征信业正处在转轨之中，有许多新加入者 ­The median age of private registries in the survey sample is 10 years. Thirty percent of the private registries were established since 1995. ­在所调查的样本中，私人登记机构成立年限的中间值为10年。30%的私人机 构都成立于1995年之后。 ­ Latin America led other regions in 1990s in establishment of public credit registries. ­在建立公共信贷登记机构方面，拉丁美洲在90年代领先于其他各地区。 5 The credit reporting industry is in transition, with many new entrants 征信业正处在转轨之中，有许多新加入者 ­Legal issues contributed to the creation of the public credit registry in approximately half of the countries and legal issues are still pending in about half the countries with public registries. ­约一半的国家中，法律问题是导致公共信贷机构创设的因素，而且，在建 立了公共信用登记制度的国家中，有一半仍须解决法律问题。 6 7 Full Benefits of Credit Reporting are Absent in Most Countries大多数国 家不能完全收益于征信 ­Wide variance in reporting environments worldwide全球征信环境的大相径庭 ­Closed-group reporting misses important experience from other industry sectors内部封闭的征信体系不能共享其他行业的重要经验 ­Privacy laws restrict positive reporting in many countries保密法律在许 多国家制约了积极的征信 ­Established lenders often distrust a move to full-file reporting consequently may support “strong privacy protections for consumers”已 经建立的贷款人经常对完全征信不信任因此这将支持“加强对客户私密的保护 ”。 ­Source: Michael Staten, Credit Research Center, Georgetown University 8 Maximizing Economic Benefits from Information Sharing 从信息共享中得到经济 利益最大化 从信息共享中得到经 济利益最大化 大多数发展中 国家 限制性信息共享 单个机构控制的信息 非限制性信息共享 银行及其他贷款 人没有动力去发 展信息 客户不想分享他们的数据 9 Empirical Evidence of the Importance of Credit Registries for Credit Markets 信用市场信用登记重要性的实际证据 ­Jappelli & Pagano (1999) relationship between registries characteristics (age, type of data) and credit / GNP 信用登记特征（年龄，数据类型）与信贷规模/GNP之间的 关系 ­Barron & Staten (2000) greater availability of information reduces default rates, improves access to credit 信息的更多获得性降低坏账率，增加信用规模 ­Kallberg & Udell (2001) data from D&B has greater predictive power than firm financial statements D&B数据比企业财务报表有更强的预测能力 ­Galindo & Miller (2001) Firms in countries with better credit information are less credit constrained rely less on internal funds 有较好信用信息国家的企业 较少受到信用约束，对内部资金依赖较少 10 Banks: Cost and time savings from credit reports and credit scoring 银行：征信与信贷评级带来的成本与时间 的节省 Some case studies: 一些案例研究 ­A bank in Canada: processing time decreased from 9 days to 3 days, in 18 months since scoring was implemented. 一家在加拿大的银行：在 信贷评级建立18个月后，处理时间从9天减少到3天。 ­A bank in the Netherlands: processing time decreased from 8-10 hours to 15 minutes for existing clients and 45 minutes for new clients.一家在荷兰的银行：现有客户处理时间从810小时减少到15分钟， 新客户需45分钟 ­A bank in the US: average cost of processing a small business loan decreased from $250 to $100 after implementing scoring system.一家 在美国的银行：在引入信贷评级体系后，小企业贷款的平均处理成本从$250 减少到$100 11 Cost and time savings from credit reports and credit scoring 信用报告与信用评级带来的成本与时间节约 ­Cost of use of consumer credit scoring models between $0.50 and $5.00 per loan使用消费者信用评级的成本在$0.5到$5.0之间（每笔贷款） ­Cost of use of small business credit scoring models between $1.50 and $10.00 per loan使用小企业信用评级的成本在$1.5到$10.0之间（每笔 贷款） ­Processing time virtually instantaneous 处理时间：实际上同步 ­Typical loan size for small business scoring models $20,000 to $100,000 用于小企业评级模型的典型贷款规模$20,000 到 $100,000 12 Survey of Latin American Banks - importance attached to credit reporting拉美银行调查 信用报告的重要性 13 Percentage of Banks which consult a credit registry for small business loans 就小企业贷款查询其信用登记情况的银行比例 14 Banks: Using information from credit registry helps reduce default rates银 行：利用征信信息帮助减少违约率 1.31% 2.22% Information from Registry 通过征信获得的信息 Model with individual bank information only 从单个银行获得信息的模型 Large Bank Default Rate (41% reduction)大银行违约率（减少 41） 0.52% 2.42% Information fromModel with individual bank Smal