英国essay写作-英国近代内阁制的萌芽

essay写作网（www.lxws.net）-专业留学生作业辅导中心英国essay写作-英国近代内阁制的萌芽The roots of the British cabinet go back to the stuarts and beyond. The privy council in the Tudor period and the council in the middle ages both showed the cabinet garden, but the formation of the cabinet system was in the period of walboer, whose characteristic was that it replaced the king to preside over cabinet affairs in the name of chief minister of finance, for which he was called "prime minister". But Walpole did not lead to the resignation of the entire cabinet in the afternoon of 1742. The collective resignation in 1746 and the "cabinet of the second day", the resignation of George north in 1782 and the cabinet turmoil in the following years, as well as the dissolution and re-election of Peter jr. 's cabinet in 1784 all demonstrated the continuous development of the principle of the responsible cabinet system. However, due to their occasional characteristics and frequent interference by the royal power, the cabinet system of responsibility with collective responsibility as the main feature has not yet been established.英国内阁的历史可以追溯到斯图亚特王朝及更早的时期。枢密院在都铎王朝时期,安理会在中世纪均显示内阁花园,但内阁制度的形成是在walboer的时期,其特征是,它取代了国王的名义主持内阁事务首席财政部长,他被称为“总理”。但是沃波尔并没有导致1742年下午整个内阁的辞职。1746年的集体辞职和“第二天内阁”，1782年乔治·诺斯的辞职和随后几年的内阁混乱，以及小彼得的解散和连任。1784年英国的内阁都体现了责任内阁制度原则的不断发展。但由于其偶然性和皇权的频繁干预，以集体责任为主要特征的内阁制责任尚未确立。The predecessor of the British cabinet system, some people trace back to the privy council during the Tudor dynasty, and even the imperial council and council in the middle ages. The Tudor privy council already had some of the basic characteristics of a cabinet: it met behind closed doors in relatively fixed places, with no minutes. The Cabinet Council was first used by Francis Bacon in his collection of essays in 1605. The Cabinet is a Cabinet of Cabinet. But at the time, and for many years after, such backroom meetings were considered unconstitutional. In 1671, Charles ii's kabar became synonymous with the cabinet. It is composed of the first letters of the names of five ministers with bad political voices and has the meaning of a cabal.作为英国内阁制的前身，有些人甚至可以追溯到都铎王朝的枢密院，甚至可以追溯到中世纪的帝国议会和枢密院。都铎王朝的枢密院已经具备了内阁的一些基本特征:它在相对固定的地方闭门开会，没有会议时间。1605年，弗朗西斯·培根在他的散文集中首次使用了内阁会议。内阁是内阁中的内阁。但在当时以及之后的许多年里，这样的秘密会议被认为是违反宪法的。1671年，查理二世的卡巴成为了内阁的同义词。它是由五个政治声音不好的部长名字的首字母组成的，有阴谋集团的意思。However, in the British academic circle, a more popular view is to regard the decades after the glorious revolution as the budding period of the modern cabinet system.然而，在英国学术界，一个更流行的观点是把光荣革命后的几十年视为现代内阁制的萌芽时期。William iii, the first constitutional monarch, always wanted to call the shots. But when, in the summer of 1690, he led the army to invade Ireland, and queen Mary found it difficult to hold the throne alone, a nine-member cabinet was set up to deal with the state.英国第一任立宪君主威廉三世(William iii)总是想发号施令。但在1690年夏天，他率领军队入侵爱尔兰，玛丽女王发现自己很难独揽皇位，于是成立了一个由九名成员组成的内阁来处理国家事务。After William iii ascended the throne, the party status and function as well as the relations between the two parties all changed. The question before William iii was: was it the whigs or the tories? One party or both? To that end, he repeatedly changed his approach.威廉三世即位后，政党的地位和作用以及两党之间的关系都发生了变化。威廉三世面临的问题是:辉格党还是保守党?一方还是双方?为此，他不断改变策略。In the coup of 1688, the whigs were more important than the tories. But that is not the case. At first, William iii tried to put together a bipartisan cabinet, trying to strengthen his hand by strengthening the weak. In the new government, danby was President of the privy council and halifax was chancellor of the seal. The ministers of state were Tory leader Nottingham and whig leader hirutsbury respectively, and some minor positions were filled by whigs.在1688年的政变中，辉格党比托利党更重要。但事实并非如此。起初，威廉三世试图组建一个跨党派的内阁，试图通过强化弱者来巩固自己的地位。新政府中，丹比任枢密院院长，哈利法克斯任海豹大臣。国务大臣分别是保守党领袖诺丁汉和辉格党领袖赫勒茨伯里，一些次要职位由辉格党填补。There were other reasons for William's initial preference for the tories. It was the mediation of the tories that led to his marriage in 1677 to the mild-mannered Mary, which gave him some legitimacy for his future in Britain. Moreover, the tories are more respectful of the monarchy. Most of the whigs, on the other hand, wanted to limit the power of the king.However, it backfired. The tories, mainly gentry landlords, were reluctant to support costly foreign wars. In the government to slow down, bungled the aircraft. It was not until 1694, when William iii again went abroad to wage war, that he changed his attitude and appointed whigs to form the first single-party cabinet, which actively supported the king's foreign war policy.In the autumn of 1695, William returned and repeatedly presided over cabinet meetings. According to statistics, from October 1695 to October 1697, a total of 110 cabinet meetings were held, of which 57 were Kings. Fifty-three were small cabinet meetings without William, mostly dealing with minor technical matters such as coin changes and consular appointments. Cabinet plenary meetings are al