高考英语专题七,定语从句

专题七 定语从句【知识要点】一、定语从句的意义形容词性从句一般称为定语从句，在句子中起定语作用，修饰一个名词或代词，有时可修饰一个句子。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句的位置：一般置于先行词之后，由关系代词和关系副词引导。二、关系词的用法引导定语从句的关系代词有 which，that，who，whom，whose。关系副词有 when，where，why 等。关系代词和关系副词不仅有连接先行词和从句的作用，而且在从句中担当一个句子成分。1.关系代词的用法：1)由 who 引导的定语从句关系代词 who 只能指人，在从句中作主语或宾语。如：A teacher is a person who passes knowledge to the student.（关系代词在从句中作主语）The man who can do this work will get 1000 dollars.（关系代词 who 在从句中作主语）2)由 whom 引导的定语从句关系代词 whom 只能指人，是 who 的宾格，在从句中作宾语 ，在口语中常常省略。如：The man （whom） you met on the street is my father.（关系代词 whom 在从句中作宾语，可以省略）The woman (whom)you talked with yesterday will come here the day after tomorrow.（关系代词 whom 在从句中作宾语，可以省略）3)由 that 引导的定语从句关系代词 that 在从句中既可以作主语，又可作宾语；既可指人，又可指物。如：She is the woman that often comes here.（关系代词 that 在从句中作主语，指人）The book that is on the desk was written by my grandfather.（关系代词 that 在从句中作主语，指物。此句中的 that 可以用 which 替换）Is there anything that I can do for you? （关系代词 that 在从句中作宾语，指物。此句中的 that 不能用 which 替换）The passenger and the suitcases that were still waiting had to be transferred to another plane. 仍在等待的乘客和行李只得改乘另一架飞机。(这句的关系代词 that 不能用 which 替换，因为它在此句中既指人又指物) 4)由 which 引导的定语从句关系代词 which 一般指物，在从句中可 作主语，也可以作宾语 。如：He came late，which made the teacher angry.（which 引导非限定性定语从句，在从句中作主语） That is the pencil （which） I lost yesterday.（which 引导限定性定语从句，在从句中作宾语， which 可以省略）5)由 whose 引导的定语从句 关系代词 whose 是 who 的所有格，在从句中作定语，既可指人，又可指物。如：This is the boy whose parents died last year. 这是那个父母去年去世的男孩。 （whose 作定语，指人）注：“whose+名词中心词 ”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语，又能作宾语。whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与 of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which”。如：They came to a house whose back wall had broken down.(= the back wall of which)他们来到后墙已经倒塌的一个房子。Hes written a book the name of which Ive completely forgotten.(= whose name)2.使用关系代词引导定语从句时应注意的几点1)当先行词指人时，许多情况下既可以用 that 也可以用 who，但在下列情况下，宜用 who 而不用 that。先行词是one，ones，anyone 时，宜用 who。如：Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.先行词为 those 时，宜用 who。如：Those who want to see the film sign up here. 一个句子带有两个定语从句时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用 that，另一个用 who。The boy that you met at the school gate yesterday morning is our monitor who studies very hard.昨天早上你在校门口遇到的那个男孩是我们班学习很用功的班长。2)当先行词指物时，许多情况下，既可以用关系代词 which，也可用关系代词 that，但在下列情况中，只能用关系代词 that，而不用 which。在 there+be 的句型中，句子的主语是先行词，而且又是物 。如：There are two novels that I want to read.There is no work that can be done now. 当先行词为主句的表语或者关系代词为从句的表语时。如：This is the book that was bought yesterday.Our school is no longer the school that it used to be.以 Here is (are)开头的句子时。如： Here is a film that will move anyone.Here are two books that I will buy.It is (high)time+定语从句中。如：It is time that we should have a rest.It is high time that they started out.当先行词是 way 等词时，关系代词用 that 或者 in which 在定语从句中作方式状语时，在口语中，常可省略。如：This is the way that my father did this work.She admired the way in which I answered the questions.她羡慕我回答问题的方式。 在双重限定性定语从句中，如果一个从句用 who 或者 which 引导时，那么另一个从句用 that 引导。如：He is the student that I have ever see who can jump highest.My brother studies in the school which is the most beautiful in our city that isnt far from here.我的弟弟在我们的城市最美丽的学校读书，并且离这儿不远。当先行词被 the last ，the very 和 the only 修饰时。如：This is the very pen that I am looking for.The only book I want to read is missing.在强调句子中，并且以 who，which，what 开头时。如：Who was it that was lost? 究竟是谁迷路了？（此句中，最好不用 who 来代替 that，避免重复）What was it that you did last week?你上周究竟做什么了？ 当先行词前有序数词时。如：You are the first person that I want to ask for. This is the second book that I have ever written.当先行词被 all， every，no，some，few，little，much，both 等修饰时，如：This is all that I want to say at the meeting.Have you any books that are worth reading? 你有值得看的书吗？当先行词既指人又指物时。如：The professor and his achievement that I heard about are admired by them.我听说的那位教授和他的成就得到他们的赞美。Lets talk about the persons and the things that we can remember.让我们谈论能够想起的人和事。当先行词为 anything，everything，nothing 时，关系代词用 that,不用 which；但用 something 时，用 which 或者that 均可。如：Everything we have seen in China is moving.我们在中国看见的东西件件感人。 I have nothing that is worth reading.我没有什么值得一读的东西。当先行词是疑问代词 who 时。如：Who that you have ever seen can beat him in chess? 你曾见过谁能在棋艺上打败他？3)that，which，whom 在定语从句中作宾语可以省略。如：This is the book (which) you were looking for yesterday. I dont like the novel (that)you are reading.4)定语从句中关系代词作主语时，从句的人称、数与先行词一致。如：Those who are in their forties are required to have a physical examination this afternoon.请那些年龄在四十几岁的人于今天下午去进行体检。（先行词 those 是复数，关系代词 who 也就看作是复数，所以从句的谓语动词就用了复数形式 are 了）This is the magazine which was sent to me by post.这是通过邮局寄给我的杂志。（先行词 the magazine 是单数，关系代词 which 也就看作是单数，所以从句的谓语动词就用了单数形式 was sent）5)定语从句的时态不要求与主句时态一致。如：The story which I read last night is very interesting.3.关系副词的用法1)when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有 time，day，morning ，night，week，year 等。如：I still remember the time when I first became a college student.Do you know the date when Lincoln was born? 注：when 时常可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如：Each time he came，he did his best to help us.2)where 指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词